tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-74191414008360014292024-03-08T00:47:40.747-08:00Tugas-Tugas Sekolahyuminhaehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13370935524192687960noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7419141400836001429.post-20627593226312305182012-05-27T04:34:00.000-07:002012-05-27T04:34:23.055-07:00PKN "tentang PRESIDEN"<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LAPORAN TUGAS PKN </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tentang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial Unicode MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%;">"PRESIDEN"<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DISUSUN
OLEH: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ALFIAN
PAMUNGKAS SAKAWIGUNA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAGAS
ADI PRATAMA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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DINA MARDIANI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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NURMILASARI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KELAS:
</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">X-5</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">KATA PENGANTAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Puji dan syukur kami panjatkan
kepada Allah SWT, karena atas rahmat dan karunia-Nya laporan laporan makalah
tentang Presiden ini dapat diselesaikan. Laporan ini dibuat untuk memenuhi
tugas mata pelajaran PKN. Saya ucapkan terimakasih kepada semua pihak yang
telah membantu kami dalam pembuatan laporan ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun penulisan makalah ini
bertujuan untuk mengetahui tentang Presiden. Dalam penulisan laporan ini, berbagai hambatan telah kami alami. Oleh karena
itu, terselesaikannya laporan ini tentu saja bukan hanya karena kemampuan kami semata-mata.
Namun karena adanya dukungan dan bantuan dari pihak-pihak yang terkait.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut,
perlukiranya penulis dengan ketulusan hati
mengucapkan terimakasih kepada Bapak Pengajar Mata Pelajaran PKN kelas X-5 yaitu Bapak Isda yang telah membimbing. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam penyusunan laporan ini,
saya menyadari pengetahuan dan pengalaman
kami masih sangat terbatas dan jauh dari. Oleh karena itu, saya sangat mengharapkan
adanya kritik dan saran dari berbagai pihak agar laporan ini menjadi lebih baik
dan bermanfaaat.</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Akhir kata dari kami, kami ucapkan terimakasih.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cibadak, 12 Mei
2012<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DAFTAR ISI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> KATA
PENGANTA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">............................................................................................... <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b>.............................................................................................................. <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b>BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Latar Belakang...................................................................................... <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan.................................................................................................... <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> BAB
2 PEMBAHASAN <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertian Presiden .............................................................................. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Sejarah Ke Presidenan di Indonesia</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.................................................. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Wewenang,
kewajiban, dan hak Presiden</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> ....................................... <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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presiden dan wakil presiden.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">..... <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumpah dan Janji Presiden</span></b> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> BAB
3 PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kesimpulan
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b>DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</b>............................................................................................. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">1.1 Latar Belakang</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Indonesia" title="Presiden Indonesia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Presiden</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia" title="Wakil Presiden Indonesia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Wakil Presiden</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Indonesia</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> (secara
bersama-sama disebut lembaga
kepresidenan Indonesia) memiliki sejarah yang hampir sama tuanya
dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Indonesia" title="Sejarah Indonesia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sejarah
Indonesia</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">. Dikatakan hampir sama sebab pada saat </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proklamasi" title="Proklamasi"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">proklamasi</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_Agustus" title="17 Agustus"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">17 Agustus</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945" title="1945"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1945</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">, bangsa
Indonesia belum memiliki pemerintahan. Barulah sehari kemudian, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Agustus" title="18 Agustus"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">18 Agustus</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945" title="1945"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1945</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">, Indonesia
memiliki </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitusi" title="Konstitusi"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">konstitusi</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> yang
menjadi dasar untuk mengatur pemerintahan (</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-Undang_Dasar_Negara_Republik_Indonesia_Tahun_1945" title="Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">|UUD 1945</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">)dan lembaga
kepresidenan yang memimpin seluruh bangsa. Dari titik inilah perjalanan lembaga
kepresidenan yang bersejarah dimulai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Sejarah perjalanan lembaga kepresidenan Indonesia
memiliki keunikan tersendiri, sebagaimana tiap-tiap bangsa memiliki ciri khas
pada sejarah pemimpin mereka masing-masing. Perjalanan sejarah yang dilalui
lembaga kepresidenan diwarnai setidaknya tiga atau bahkan empat
konstitusi. </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peraturan_Perundang-undangan_di_Indonesia" title="Peraturan Perundang-undangan di Indonesia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peraturan</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> di bawah
konstitusi hanya mengatur sebagian kecil dan itupun letaknya tersebar dalam
berbagai jenis maupun tingkatan peraturan. Ini berbeda dengan lembaga </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislatif" title="Legislatif"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">legislatif</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> dan
lembaga </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yudikatif" title="Yudikatif"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yudikatif</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> yang
memiliki </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-Undang" title="Undang-Undang"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">undang-undang</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> mengenai
susunan dan kedudukan lembaga itu sendiri. Lain daripada itu masalah tokoh dan
periodisasi juga memerlukan pencermatan lebih lanjut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Oleh sebab lembaga kepresidenan sebagian besar diatur
dalam konstitusi, maka pembahasan sejarah lembaga ini akan difokuskan menurut
pengaturan dalam konstitusi dan akan dibagi menurut masa berlakunya masing-masing
konstitusi. Pembagian inipun tidak sepenuhnya lepas dari kesulitan di
setidaknya dua kurun waktu. Pertama, periode antara tahun</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949" title="1949"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1949</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">–</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950" title="1950"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1950</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> ketika
ada dua konstitusi yang berlaku secara bersamaan. Kedua, antara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999" title="1999"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1999</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">–</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002" title="2002"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2002</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> ketika
konstitusi mengalami pembongkaran ulang. Selain itu, karena dinamika yang masih
terus berlangsung, maka pembahasan artikel hanya akan dibatasi sampai
tahun </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008" title="2008"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2008</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> atau
setidak-tidaknya pertengahan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009" title="2009"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2009</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">1.2 Tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Untuk mengetahui
lebih dalam tentang Presiden, terutama Presiden Republik Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">BAB II</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">2.1 Pengertian Presiden<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Presiden </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepala_negara" title="Kepala negara"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kepala negara</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sekaligus </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepala_pemerintahan" title="Kepala pemerintahan"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kepala
pemerintahan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai kepala
negara, Presiden adalah simbol resmi negara Indonesia di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dunia</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Sebagai
kepala pemerintahan, Presiden dibantu oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia" title="Wakil Presiden Indonesia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">wakil presiden</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menteri" title="Menteri"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">menteri-menteri</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dalam </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabinet_(pemerintahan)" title="Kabinet (pemerintahan)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kabinet</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, memegang kekuasaan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksekutif" title="Eksekutif"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">eksekutif</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> untuk
melaksanakan tugas-tugas</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintah_Indonesia" title="Pemerintah Indonesia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pemerintah</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sehari-hari.
Presiden (dan Wakil Presiden) menjabat selama 5 tahun, dan sesudahnya dapat
dipilih kembali dalam jabatan yang sama untuk satu kali masa jabatan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Presiden di Indonesia</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> digaji sekitar
60 juta per bulan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">2.2 </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Sejarah
Ke Presidenan di Indonesia<span style="color: #333333; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Periode </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Agustus" title="18 Agustus"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">18 Agustus</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945" title="1945"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1945</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> – </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_Agustus" title="15 Agustus"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">15 Agustus</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950" title="1950"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1950</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> adalah
periode berlakunya konstitusi yang disahkan oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPKI" title="PPKI"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PPKI</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> pada
tanggal 18 Agustus 1945, yang kelak kemudian disebut sebagai UUD 1945. Periode
ini dibagi lagi menjadi dua masa yaitu, pertama, antara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Agustus" title="18 Agustus"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">18 Agustus</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945" title="1945"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1945</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> – </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/27_Desember" title="27 Desember"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">27 Desember</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949" title="1949"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1949</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> saat
negara Indonesia berdiri sendiri, dan kedua antara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/27_Desember" title="27 Desember"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">27 Desember</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949" title="1949"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1949</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> – </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_Agustus" title="15 Agustus"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">15 Agustus</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950" title="1950"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1950</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> saat
negara Indonesia bergabung sebagai negara bagian dari negara federasi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Indonesia_Serikat" title="Republik Indonesia Serikat"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Republik Indonesia Serikat</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Menurut UUD 1945, lembaga kepresidenan, yang bersifat
personal, terdiri atas seorang presiden dan seorang wakil presiden. Lembaga ini
dipilih oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majelis_Permusyawaratan_Rakyat" title="Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MPR</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> dengan syarat tertentu dan
memiliki masa jabatan selama 5 tahun. Sebelum menjalankan tugasnya lembaga ini
bersumpah di hadapan MPR atau </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Perwakilan_Rakyat" title="Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DPR</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Menurut UUD 1945:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 38.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Presiden memegang kekuasaan
pemerintahan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 38.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Presiden dibantu oleh satu orang wakil
presiden<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 38.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Wakil presiden menggantikan presiden
jika presiden mangkat, berhenti, atau tidak dapat melakukan kewajibannya dalam
masa jabatannya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 38.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Presiden menetapkan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peraturan_pemerintah" title="Peraturan pemerintah"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">peraturan
pemerintah</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 38.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Presiden dibantu oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kementerian_Indonesia" title="Kementerian Indonesia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">menteri</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 38.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Presiden dapat meminta pertimbangan
kepada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Pertimbangan_Agung" title="Dewan Pertimbangan Agung"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DPA</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 38.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Presiden memegang kekuasaan tertinggi
atas </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentara_Nasional_Indonesia" title="Tentara Nasional Indonesia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tentara Nasional Indonesia</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 38.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Presiden menyatakan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang" title="Perang"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">perang</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> dan
membuat perdamaian serta perjanjian dengan negara lain atas persetujuan DPR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 38.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Presiden menyatakan keadaan bahaya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 38.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10)</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Presiden mengangkat
dan menerima </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duta_Besar" title="Duta Besar"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">misi
diplomatik</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 38.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11)</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Presiden
memberi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasi" title="Grasi"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">grasi</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesti" title="Amnesti"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">amnesti</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abolisi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Abolisi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">abolisi</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">, dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rehabilitasi&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Rehabilitasi (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">rehabilitasi</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 38.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12)</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Presiden
memberi gelar dan tanda kehormatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 38.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13)</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Presiden
memegang kekuasaan membentuk </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-Undang" title="Undang-Undang"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">undang-undang</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> dengan
persetujuan DPR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 38.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14)</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Presiden
berhak </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" title="Veto"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">memveto</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> RUU dari
DPR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 38.4pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15)</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Presiden
berhak mengeluarkan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peraturan_pemerintah_pengganti_undang-undang" title="Peraturan pemerintah pengganti undang-undang"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">peraturan pemerintah pengganti
undang-undang</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> dalam keadaan mendesak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Agustus" title="18 Agustus"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">18 Agustus</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945" title="1945"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1945</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">, untuk
pertama kalinya, presiden dan wakil presiden dipilih oleh PPKI. Dalam masa
peralihan ini kekuasaan presiden sangat besar karena seluruh kekuasaan MPR,
DPR, dan DPA, sebelum lembaga itu terbentuk, dijalankan oleh presiden dengan
bantuan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komite_Nasional_Indonesia_Pusat" title="Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> (KNIP).
Namun tugas berat juga dibebankan kepada presiden untuk mengatur dan
menyelenggarakan segala hal yang ditetapkan UUD 1945.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Hanya beberapa
bulan pemerintahan, KNIP yang menjadi pembantu presiden dalam menjalankan
kekuasaan MPR, DPR, dan DPA meminta kekuasaan yang lebih. Hal itu kemudian
direspon oleh lembaga kepresidenan dengan memberikan kekuasaan untuk menetapkan
haluan negara dan membentuk UU melalui </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maklumat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Maklumat (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maklumat</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> Wakil Presiden Nomor X yang
dikeluarkan pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Oktober" title="16 Oktober"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">16
Oktober</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945" title="1945"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1945</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">. Kurang dari
sebulan, kekuasaan presiden berkurang dengan terbentuknya </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabinet_Sjahrir_I" title="Kabinet Sjahrir I"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kabinet Syahrir I</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> yang
tidak lagi bertanggung jawab kepadanya melainkan kepada Badan Pekerja KNIP.
Pada tahun-tahun berikutnya ketika keadaan darurat, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/29_Juni" title="29 Juni"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">29 Juni</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946" title="1946"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1946</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> – </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Oktober" title="2 Oktober"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2 Oktober</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946" title="1946"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1946</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">, dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/27_Juni" title="27 Juni"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">27 Juni</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947" title="1947"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1947</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> – </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_Juli" title="3 Juli"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3 Juli</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947" title="1947"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1947</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">, presiden
mengambil alih kekuasaan lagi. Begitu pula antara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/29_Januari" title="29 Januari"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">29 Januari</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948" title="1948"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1948</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> – </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/27_Desember" title="27 Desember"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">27 Desember</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949" title="1949"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1949</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> kabinet
kembali bersifat </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_presidensial" title="Sistem presidensial"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">presidensial</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> (bertanggung
jawab kepada presiden).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Saat
pemerintahan, termasuk di dalamnya lembaga kepresidenan, di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Yogyakarta</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> lumpuh
dan tidak dapat menjalankan tugasnya saat </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agresi_Militer_Belanda_II" title="Agresi Militer Belanda II"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Agresi Militer Belanda II</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">. Walau
ditawan musuh, nampaknya lembaga ini tidak bubar. Sementara pada saat yang
sama, atas dasar mandat darurat yang diberikan sesaat sebelum kejatuhan
Yogyakarta, suatu </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan_Darurat_Republik_Indonesia" title="Pemerintahan Darurat Republik Indonesia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemerintahan Darurat Republik Indonesia</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">(PDRI) yang
didirikan di pedalaman </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatera" title="Sumatera"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumatera</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> (22
Desember 1948 – 13 Juli 1949) mendapat legitimasi yang sah. Kondisi inilah yang
menimbulkan pemerintahan dan juga lembaga kepresidenan ganda. Sebab
pemerintahan darurat itupun memiliki pimpinan pemerintahan (atau lembaga
kepresidenan) dengan sebutan Ketua Pemerintahan Darurat. Hal inilah yang sering
menimbulkan kontroversi dan polemik berkepanjangan mengenai status pemerintah
darurat dan status ketua pemerintah darurat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Bagi sebagian
pihak, PDRI dan juga Ketua Pemerintahan Darurat adalah penerima tongkat estafet
pemerintahan dan kepemimpinan nasional saat pemerintahan di ibukota tertawan
musuh. Oleh karena itu kedudukannya tidak bisa diabaikan. Apalagi pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_Juli" title="13 Juli"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">13 Juli</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949" title="1949"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1949</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">, Ketua
Pemerintah Darurat </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syafruddin_Prawiranegara" title="Syafruddin Prawiranegara"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Syafruddin Prawiranegara</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> secara
resmi menyerahkan kembali mandat kepada Wakil Presiden </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mohammad Hatta</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> yang
pulang dari tawanan musuh. Namun bagi pihak lain, tidak mundurnya presiden dan
wakil presiden secara resmi menunjukkan tongkat estafet pemerintahan dan
kepemmpinan nasional tetap dipegang oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soekarno" title="Soekarno"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Soekarno</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> dan
Mohammad Hatta yang tertawan. Apalagi perundingan-perundingan, seperti </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjanjian_Roem-Royen" title="Perjanjian Roem-Royen"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perjanjian
Roem-Royen</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">, dilakukan dengan pemerintahan dan lembaga kepresidenan
tertawan bukan dengan pemerintah darurat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">2.3 </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Wewenang, kewajiban, dan hak Presiden</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> antara lain:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memegang
kekuasaan pemerintahan menurut UUD<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memegang
kekuasaan yang tertinggi atas </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNI_Angkatan_Darat" title="TNI Angkatan Darat"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Angkatan
Darat</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNI_Angkatan_Laut" title="TNI Angkatan Laut"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Angkatan Laut</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNI_Angkatan_Udara" title="TNI Angkatan Udara"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Angkatan
Udara</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengajukan
Rancangan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-Undang" title="Undang-Undang"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Undang-Undang</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> kepada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Perwakilan_Rakyat" title="Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (DPR).
Presiden melakukan pembahasan dan pemberian persetujuan atas RUU bersama DPR
serta mengesahkan RUU menjadi UU.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menetapkan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peraturan_Pemerintah_Pengganti_Undang-Undang" title="Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti
Undang-Undang</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (dalam kegentingan yang memaksa)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 19.2pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menetapkan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peraturan_Pemerintah" title="Peraturan Pemerintah"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peraturan
Pemerintah</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 19.2pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengangkat dan memberhentikan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kementerian_Negara_Republik_Indonesia" title="Kementerian Negara Republik Indonesia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">menteri-menteri</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 19.2pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyatakan
perang, membuat perdamaian dan perjanjian dengan negara lain dengan persetujuan
DPR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 19.2pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membuat
perjanjian internasional lainnya dengan persetujuan DPR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 19.2pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyatakan
keadaan bahaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 19.2pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengangkat duta
dan konsul. Dalam mengangkat duta, Presiden memperhatikan pertimbangan DPR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 19.2pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menerima
penempatan duta negara lain dengan memperhatikan pertimbangan DPR.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 19.2pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memberi grasi,
rehabilitasi dengan memperhatikan pertimbangan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahkamah_Agung_Republik_Indonesia" title="Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mahkamah Agung</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 19.2pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memberi amnesti
dan abolisi dengan memperhatikan pertimbangan DPR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 19.2pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memberi gelar,
tanda jasa, dan tanda kehormatan lainnya yang diatur dengan UU<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 19.2pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meresmikan
anggota </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Pemeriksa_Keuangan" title="Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang
dipilih oleh DPR dengan memperhatikan pertimbangan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Perwakilan_Daerah" title="Dewan Perwakilan Daerah"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dewan Perwakilan Daerah</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 19.2pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menetapkan
hakim agung dari calon yang diusulkan oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komisi_Yudisial" title="Komisi Yudisial"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Komisi Yudisial</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan
disetujui DPR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 19.2pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menetapkan
hakim konstitusi dari calon yang diusulkan Presiden, DPR, dan Mahkamah Agung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 19.2pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengangkat dan
memberhentikan anggota Komisi Yudisial dengan persetujuan DPR.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.4 Syarat-syarat untuk menjadi
seorang presiden dan wakil presiden. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Warga Negara Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Telah berusia 40 tahun<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bukan orang yang sedang dicabut
haknya untuk dipilih dalam pemilihan umum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bertakwa kepada tuhan yang maha esa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setia kepada cita –cita proklamasi
17 agustus 1945, pancasila, dan UUD 1945<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memiliki visi kenegarawanan yang
berdasar pada komitmen yang kuat terhadap persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bersedia menjalankan haluan Negara
menurut garis-garis besar yang telah ditetapkan oleh majelis dan putusan-putusan
Majelis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berwibawa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jujur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cakap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dukungan dari rakyat yang tercermin
dalam MPR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak pernah terlibat, baik langsung
maupun tidak langsung dalam kegiatan yang menghianati Negara Kesatuan Republik
Indonesia yang berdasarkan Pancasila dan UUD 1945, seperti G30S/PKI atau
organisasi terlarang lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak sedang menjalankan hukumn
pidana berdasarkan keputusan pengadilan yang tidak dapat diubah lagi karena
tindak pidana yang diancam pidana sekurang-kurangnya 5 tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak terganggu jiwa atau
ingatannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Dalam
pasal 1 ayat 2 di jelaskan bahwa calon presiden dan wakil presiden selain
memenuhi persyaratan diatas juga harus
melaporkan daftar seluruh kekayaannya.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.5 Sumpah dan Janji Presiden<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumpah Presiden
(Wakil Presiden) :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Demi
Allah saya bersumpah akan memenuhi kewajiban Presiden Republik Indonesia (Wakil
Presiden Republik Indonesia) dengan sebaik-baiknya dan seadil-adilnya, memegang
teguh Undang-Undang Dasar dan menjalankan segala undang-undang dan peraturannya
dengan selurus-lurusnya serta berbakti kepada Nusa dan Bangsa."</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Janji Presiden
(Wakil Presiden) :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Saya
berjanji dengan sungguh-sungguh akan memenuhi kewajiban Presiden Republik
Indonesia (W</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ekuasaan
untuk </span></i><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">akil Presiden Republik Indonesia) dengan sebaik-baiknya
dan seadil-adilnya, memegang teguh Undang-Undang Dasar dan menjalankan segala
undang-undang dan peraturannya dengan selurus-lurusnya serta berbakti kepada
Nusa dan Bangsa."</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
system pemerintahan kabinet parlementer, umumnya presiden hanya sebagai kepala
Negara, sedangkan dalam cabinet presidensial disamping sebagai kepala Negara
juga sebagai kepala eksekutif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Presiden
adalah kepala kekuasaan eksekutif dalam Negara. Untuk menjalankan
undang-undang, presiden mempunyai kekuasaan untuk menetapkan peraturan
pemerintah. Presiden adalah penyelenggara pemerintah yang tertinggi. Dalam
menjalankan pemerintah Negara, kekuasaan dan tanggung jawab ada ditangan
presiden.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam hal
pemilihan, presiden dan wakil presiden dipilih dalam satu pasangan secara
langsung oleh rakyat. Pasangan calon presiden dan wakil presiden diusulkan oleh
partai politik atau gabungan partai politik peserta pemilihan umum sebelum
pelaksanaan pemilihan umum. Pasangan calon presiden dan wakil presiden yang
mendapatkan suara lebih dari lima puluh persen dari jumlah suara dalam
pemilihan umum dengan sedikitnya dua puluh persen suara disetiap provinsi di
Indopnesia, dilantiikn menjadi presiden dan wakil presiden. Jika dalam pemilu
tidak ada pasangan calon presiden dan wakil presiden terpilih, dua pasangan
calon yang memperoleh suara tebanyak pertama dan kedua dalam pemilihan umum
dipilih oleh rakyat secara langsung dan pasangan yang memperoleh suara rakyat
terbanyak dilantik sebagai presiden dan
wakil presiden.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">BAB III</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">3.1 Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Presiden </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepala_negara" title="Kepala negara"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kepala negara</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sekaligus </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepala_pemerintahan" title="Kepala pemerintahan"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kepala
pemerintahan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai kepala
negara, Presiden adalah simbol resmi negara Indonesia di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dunia</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Sebagai
kepala pemerintahan, Presiden dibantu oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakil_Presiden_Indonesia" title="Wakil Presiden Indonesia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">wakil presiden</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menteri" title="Menteri"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">menteri-menteri</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dalam </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabinet_(pemerintahan)" title="Kabinet (pemerintahan)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kabinet</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, memegang kekuasaan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksekutif" title="Eksekutif"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">eksekutif</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> untuk
melaksanakan tugas-tugas</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintah_Indonesia" title="Pemerintah Indonesia"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pemerintah</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sehari-hari.
Presiden (dan Wakil Presiden) menjabat selama 5 tahun, dan sesudahnya dapat
dipilih kembali dalam jabatan yang sama untuk satu kali masa jabatan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Presiden di Indonesia</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> digaji sekitar
60 juta per bulan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> Dengan
adanya presiden di dalam suatau nbegara, diharapkan pemerintahan Negara
tersebut bisa lebih teratur dan bisa mencapai tujuan Negara tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_lembaga_kepresidenan_Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_lembaga_kepresidenan_Indonesia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Indonesia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0000cc; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan
Kewarganegaraan: Membangun Karakter Bangsa (untuk kelas X SMA/SMK/MA) Penerbit
Grafindo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>yuminhaehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13370935524192687960noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7419141400836001429.post-752130199762373652012-05-24T21:16:00.001-07:002012-05-24T21:16:41.907-07:00PAI "Perkembangan Islam pada Abad Petengahan"<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LAPORAN
TUGAS PAI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perkembangan Islam pada Abad
Petengahan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DISUSUN OLEH: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">THESTYA DWI
NOURUSH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">VEGA LUGINA
PANCARWATI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">YESI SUSANTI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">YUNI NURMILASARI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KELAS: </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">X-5<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Britannic Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SMA
NEGERI 1 CIBADAK <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Britannic Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">JALAN
PERINTIS KEMERDEKAAN NO 72 CIBADAK-SUKABUMI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">KATA PENGANTAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Puji
dan syukur kami panjatkan kepada Allah SWT, karena atas rahmat dan karunia-Nya
laporan laporan makalah tentang </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perkembangan
Islam pada Abad Petengahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ini dapat diselesaikan. Laporan
ini dibuat untuk memenuhi tugas mata pelajaran PAI. Saya ucapkan terimakasih
kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu kami dalam pembuatan laporan ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun penulisan makalah ini
bertujuan untuk mengetahui tentang </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perkembangan Islam pada Abad Petengahan</span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Dalam penulisan laporan
ini, berbagai hambatan telah kami alami.
Oleh karena itu, terselesaikannya laporan ini tentu saja bukan hanya karena
kemampuan kami semata-mata. Namun karena adanya dukungan dan bantuan dari
pihak-pihak yang terkait.</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sehubungan dengan hal
tersebut, perlukiranya penulis dengan
ketulusan hati mengucapkan terimakasih kepada Bapak Pengajar Mata Pelajaran PAI
kelas X-5 yaitu Bapak Abdul Malik yang
telah membimbing. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam penyusunan laporan
ini, saya menyadari pengetahuan dan
pengalaman kami masih sangat terbatas dan jauh dari. Oleh karena itu, saya
sangat mengharapkan adanya kritik dan saran dari berbagai pihak agar laporan
ini menjadi lebih baik dan bermanfaaat.</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Akhir kata dari kami, kami ucapkan
terimakasih.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cibadak,
24 Mei 2012<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR ISI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> KATA
PENGANTAR</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">…………………………………………………………………i<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> DAFTAR
ISI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">……………………………………………………………………….…..ii<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar
Belakang……………………………………………………………...…1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan………………………………………………………………...……….1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> BAB
2 PEMBAHASAN <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gambaran
Dunia Islam pada zaman abad pertengaha</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">n……………………….2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perkembangan
Islam pada zaman abad pertengahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">…………………………2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perkembangan
ilmu pengetahuan pada abad pertengahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">……………………3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hikmah Sejarah Perkembangan Islam pada Abad Pertengahan………..….…6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penghayatan terhadap Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam pada Abad Pertengahan....7</span><span style="color: #2a2a2a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> BAB
3 PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan
…………………………………………………………….…..…9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran
…………………………………………………………………….…....9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</b>………………………………………………………….…….10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Latar Belakang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Masa ini terentang sejak hancurnya kota Bagdad pada tahun
1258 M hingga pertengahan abad ke - 18 M.pada masa kini umat Islam khususnya di
wilayah jazirah Arab yang mengalami 3 fase yang dengan berdirinya kesultanan -
kesultanan besar Islam dan terakhir fase kemunduran kesultanan besar pada masa
ini, Eropa Kristen Andaluasia (Spanyol), bahkan mereka berhasil melampaui
pencapaian kaum muslimin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Puncak
kejayaan umat Islam terjadi di masa khalifah Abdurahman ad Dakhil (756 - 785 M)
dan Khalifah Harun ar rasyid (786 - 809).Pada masa itu hanya ada dua negara
superpower, yaitu barat yang berkedudukan di Cordova dan timur berkedudukan di
Bagdad .Keduanya sama-sama negara pengetahuan, umat islam pernah berjaya selama
kurang lebih 7 abad ( antara abad VII s.d XIII ). Kejayaan tersebut menumbuhkan
pusat-pusat keunggulan, baik di bidang pendidikan, peribadatan, perekonomian,
pertanian, pertanian, kedokteran, dan lain-lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">1.2 Tujuan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Untuk mengetahui lebih dalam
tentang </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perkembangan Islam
pada Abad Petengahan</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">BAB II</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">2.1 </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gambaran
Dunia Islam pada zaman abad pertengahan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Era
keemasan Islam yang berlangsung dari abad ke-8 M hingga 13 M begitu banyak
meninggalkan warisan bagi peradaban manusia. Dalam masa kejayaannya, umat Islam
ternyata telah berhasil melakukan transformasi fundamental di sektor pertanian
yang kini dikenal sebagai Revolusi Hijau Abad Pertengahan atau Revolusi
Pertanian Muslim.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kala
itu, para saudagar Muslim di sepanjang ‘dunia tua’ yakni Eropa, Asia, dan
Afrika sebelum abad ke-15 M , mampu membangun perekonomian global. Revolusi
hijau telah memungkinkan beragam tanaman berikut teknik bercocok tanamnya
menyebar ke berbagai penjuru dunia Islam. Pada era itu, berbagai teknik serta
penyebaran berbagai hasil pertanian dari luar dunia Islam dapat dengan mudah
diadopsi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><v:shape alt="article465-img1356_kutabesaksketsapalembangjaekes" id="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 24pt; width: 24pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">Umat Islam pada abad pertengahan juga telah menjadi pelaku utama
globalisasi hasil pertanian. Ketika itu, tanaman asal Afrika seperti gandum,
buah jeruk khas negeri tirai bambu Cina, serta sejumlah tanaman asli dari India
seperti buah mangga, beras, kapas, serta gula tebu ternyata dikembangkan dan
didistribusikan melalui tanah-tanah yang dikuasai Islam.<o:p></o:p></v:shape></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">2.2 </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perkembangan Islam pada zaman
abad pertengahan</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tahun132 H/750 M, keturunan bani Umayyah ditumpas habis
dan menandai berkahirnya dinasti tersebut. Hanya Abdurrahman, satu-satunya
keturunan bani Umayah yang berhasil melarikan diri ke Andalusia dan mendirikan
dinasti Umayyah II di daratan Eropa tersebut. Sejalan dengan pesatnya
perkembangan Islam di Asia dan Afrika, Islam juga menyebar ke Eropa. Yaitu
melalui tiga jalan sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Jalan
barat, yakni dilakukan dari Afrika Utara melalui Semenanjung Iberia di bawah
pimpinan thariq bin ziyad (711 M). Bahkan, tentara Islam dapat melewati
Pegunungan Pirenia yang akhirnya ditahan oleh tentara perancis di bawah
pimpinan karel martel di kota poitiers (732 M). Akhirnya, pemerintahan Khilafah
Umayyah memipmpin di semenanjung Iberia yang dikenal dengan bani Umayah II (711
M-1492 M) dengan ibukotanya Cordoba.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Jalan
tengah, yakni dilakukan dari Tunisia melalui Sisilia menuju sepenanjung
Apenina. Islam dapat menduduki Sisilia dan Italia selatan, tetapi dapat direbut
kembali oelh bangsa Nordia pada abad ke-11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Jalan
timur, dimana pada tahun 1453, turki dibawah pimpinan Sultan Muhammad II
berhasil menaklukkan Byzantium dengan terlebih dahulu menyerang Konstantinopel
dari arah belakang yakni laut hitam sehingga mengejutkan tentara byzantium
timur. Dari Byzantium, tentara turki usmani terus melakukan perlawanan sampai ke
kota Wina di Austria. Setelah itu, tentara Turki Usmani mundur kembali ke
Semenanjung Balkan dan menguasai daerah ini selama kurang lebih empat abad.
Baru pada abad ke-19, daerah ini berhasil melepaskan diri dari kekuasaan Islam.
Akan tetapi, kota konstantinopel masih tetap dikuasai dinasty Umayyah dan
berubah menjadi Istanbul<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">2.3
</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan pada abad pertengahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sesungguhnya Eropa banyak berhutang budi pada Islam karena
banyak sekali peradaban Islam yang mempengaruhi Eropa, seperti dari spanyol,
perang salib dan sisilia. Spanyol sendiri merupakan tempat yang paling utam
bagi Eropa dalam menyerap ilmu pengetahuan dan kebudayaan Islam, baik dalam
bentuk politik, sosial, ekonomi, kebudayaan dan pendidikan. Beberpa
perkembangan Islam antara lain sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bidang Pendidikan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Banyak pemuda Eropa yang belajar di
universitas-unniversitas Islam di Spanyol seprti Cordoba, Sevilla, Malaca,
Granada dan Salamanca. Selama belajar di universitas-universitas tersebut,
mereka aktif menterjemahkan buku-buku karya ilmuwan muslim. Pusat penerjemahan
itu adalah Toledo. Setelah mereka pulang ke negerinya, mereka mendirikan seklah
dan universitas yang sama. Universitas yang pertama kali berada di Eropa ialah
Universitas Paris yang didirikan pada tahun 1213 M dan pada akhir zaman
pertengahan di Eropa baru berdiri 18 universitas. Pada universitas tersebut
diajarkan ilmu-ilmu yang mereka peroleh dari universitas Islam seperti ilmu
kedokteran, ilmu pasti dan ilmu filsafat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Banyak
gambaran berkembangnya Eropa pada saat berada dalam kekuasaan Islam, baik dalm
bidang ilmu pengetahuan, tekhnologi, kebudayaan, ekonomi maupun politik.
Hal-hal tersebut antara lain sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seorang sarjana Eropa, petrus
Alfonsi (1062 M) belajar ilmu kedokteran pada salah satu fakultas kedokteran di
Spanyol dan ketika kembali ke negerinya Inggris ia diangkat menjadi dokter
pribadi oleh Raja Henry I (1120 M). Selain menjadi dokter, ia bekerja sama
dengan Walcher menyusun mata pelajaran ilmu falak berdasarkan pengetahuan
sarjan dan ilmuwan muslim yang didapatnya dari spanyol. Demikin juga dengan
Adelard of Bath (1079-1192 M) yang pernah belajar pula di Toledo dan setelah ia
kembali ke Inggris, ia pun menjadi seorang sarjan yang termasyhur di negaranya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cordoba mempunyai perpustakaan yang
berisi 400.000 buku dalam berbagai cabang ilmu pengetahuan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seorang pendeta kristen Roma dari
Inggris bernama Roger Bacon (1214-1292 M) mempelajari bahasa Arab di Paris
(1240-1268 M). Melalui kemampuan bahasa Arab dan bahasa latin yang dimilikinya,
ia dapat membaca nasakah asli dan menterjemahkannya ke dalam berbagai ilmu
pengetahuan, terutama ilmu pasti. Buku-buku asli dan terjemahan tersebut
dibawanya ke Universitas Oxford Inggris. Sayangnya, penerjemahan tersebut di
akui sebagai karyanya tanpa menyebut pengarang aslinya. Diantara bukuyang
diterjemahkan antara lain adalah Al Manzir karya Ali Al Hasan Ibnu Haitam
(965-1038 M). Dalam buku itu terdapat teori tentang mikroskop dan mesiu yang
banyak dikatakan sebagai hasil karya Roger Bacon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seorang sarjana berkebangsaan
Perancis bernama Gerbert d’Aurignac (940-1003 M) dan pengikutnya, Gerard de
Cremona (1114-1187 M) yang lahir di Cremona, Lombardea, Italia Utara, pernah
tinggal di Toledo, Spanyol. Dengan bantuan sarjana muslim disana , ia berhasil
menerjemahkan lebih kurang 92 buah buku ilmiah Islam ke dalam bahasa latin. Di
antara karya tersebut adalah Al Amar karya Abu Bakar Muhammad ibnu Zakaria Ar
Razi (866-926 M) dan sebuah buku kedokteran karangan Qodim Az Zahrawi serta
buku Abu Muhammad Al baitar berisi tentang tumbuhan. Sarjana-sarjana muslim
tersebut mengajarkan penduduk non muslim tanpa membeda-bedakan agama yang
mereka anut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila kerajaan-kerajaan non muslim
mengalahkan kerajaan-kerajaan Islam, maka yang terjadi adalah pembumihangusan
kebudayaan Islam dan pembantaian kaum muslim. Akan tetapi, apabila
kerajaan-kerajaan Islam yang menguasai kerajaan non muslim, maka penduduk
negeri tersebut diperlakukan dengan baik. Agama dan kebudayaan merekapun tidak
terganggu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">F.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Banyak sarjana-sarjana muslim yang berjasa
karena telah meneliti dan mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan, bahkan karya mereka
diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Eropa meskipun ironisnya diakui sebagai karya
mereka sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bidang politik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terjadi <i>balance of power</i> karena di bagian
barat terjadi permusuhan antara bani Umayyah II di Andalusia dengan kekaisaran
karoling di Perancis, sedangkan di bagian timur terjadi perseteruan antara bani
Abbasyah dengan kekaisaran Byzantium timur di semenanjung Balkan. Bani Abbasyah
juga bermusuhan dengan Bani Umayyah II dalam perebutan kekuasaan pada tahun 750
M. Kekaisaran Karoling bermusuhan dengan kekaisaran Byzanium timur dalam
memperebutkan Italia. Oleh karena itu terjadilah persekutuan antara Bani
Abbasyah dengan kekaisaran Karoling, sddangkan bani Umayyah II bersekutu dengan
Byzantium Timur. Persekutuan baru berakhir setelah terjadi perang salib
(1096-1291)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bidang Sosial Ekonomi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Islam telah menguasai Andalusia pada tahun 711 M dan
Konstantinopel pada tahun 1453 M. Keadaan ini mempunyai pengaruh besar terhadap
pertumbuhan Eropa. Islam berarti telah menguasai daerah timur tengah yang
ketika itu menjadi jalur dagan dari Asia ke Eropa. Saat itu perdagangan
ditentukan oleh negara-negara Islam. Hal ini menyebabkan mereka menemukan Asia
dan Amerika<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akibat atau pengaruh dari perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan
Islam ini menimbulkan kajian filsafat Yunani di Eropa secara besar-besaran dan
akhirnya menimbulkan gerakan kebangkitan atau renaissans pada abad ke-14.
berkembangnya pemikiran yunani ini melalui karya-karya terjemahan berbahasa
arab yang kemudian diterjemahkan kembali ke dalam bahasa latin. Disamping itu,
Islam juga membidani gerakan reformasi pada abad ke-16 M, rasionalisme pada
abad ke-17 M, dan aufklarung atau pencerahan pada abad ke-18 M.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nasib kaum muslim di Spanyol sepeninggal Abu Abdullah
Muhammad dihadapakan pada beberapa pilihan antara lain masuk ke dalam kristen
atau meninggalkan spanyol. Bangunan-bangunan bersejarah yang dibangun oleh
Islam diruntuhkan dan ribuan muslim mati terbunuh secara tragis. Pada tahun 1609
M, Philip III mengeluarkan undang-undang yang berisi pengusiran muslim secara
pakasa dari spanyol. Dengan demikian, lenyaplah Islam dari bumi Andalusia,
khusunya Cordoba yang menjadi pusat kebudayaan dan ilmu pengetahuan di barat
sehingga hanya menjadi kenangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.4 </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perkembangan kebudayaan islam
pada abad pertengahan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FAFCFF; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melalui bangsa Arab (Islam), Eropa dapat memahami ilmu
pengetahuan kuno seperti dari Yunani dan Babilonia. Tokoh tokoh yang
mempengaruhi ilmu pengetahuan dan kebudayaan saat itu antara lain sebagai
berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Al
Farabi (780-863M)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Al Farabi mendapat gelar guru kedua
(Aristoteles digelari guru pertama). Al Farabi mengarang buku, mengumpulkan dan
menerjemahkan buku-buku karya aristoteles<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: #FAFCFF; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibnu
Rusyd (1120-1198)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibnu Rusyd memiliki peran yang sangat
besar sekali pengaruhnya di Eropa sehingga menimbulkan gerakan Averoisme (di
Eropa Ibnu Rusyd dipanggil Averoes) yang menuntut kebebasan berfikir. Berawal
dari Averoisme inilah lahir roformasi pada abad ke-16 M dan rasionalisme pada
abad ke-17 M di Eropa. Buku-buku karangan Ibnu Rusyd kini hanya ada salinannya
dalam bahasa latin dan banyak dijumpai di perpustakaan-perpustakaan Eropa dan
Amerika. Karya beliau dikenal dengan Bidayatul Mujtahid dan Tahafutut Tahaful.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: #FAFCFF; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibnu
Sina (980-1060 M)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di Eropa, Ibnu Sina dikenal dengan
nama Avicena. Beliau adalah seorang dokter di kota Hamazan Persia, penulis
buku-buku kedokteran dan peneliti berbagai penyakit. Beliau juga seorang filsuf
yang terkenal dengan idenya mengenai paham serba wujud atau wahdatul wujud. Ibnu
Sina juga merupakan ahli fisika dan ilmu jiwa. Karyanya yang terkenal dan
penting dalam dunia kedokteran yaitu Al Qanun fi At Tibb yang menjadi suatu
rujukan ilmu kedokteran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.5<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hikmah Sejarah Perkembangan Islam
pada Abad Pertengahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada beberapa manfaat yang dapat kita ambil dari sejarah
perkembangan Islam pada abad pertengahan, diantaranya sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FAFCFF; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meskipun Bani Umayyah telah
dihancurkan oleh Bani Abbasyah, perluasan wilayah Islam masih terus dilanjutkan
sehingga dengan demikian kebudayaan Islam tetap berkembang di Eropa. Hal
tersebut menandakan bahwa semangat kaum muslim dalam meraih cita-cita sangat
tinggi sehingga melahirkan persatuan dan kesatuan yang sangat dibutuhkan dalam
mewujudkan hal tersebut. Hal ini terbukti dalam setiap perluasan wilayah, kaum
muslim mampu menguasai Spanyol dalam waktu sekitar delapan abad (711-1492 M)
dan menguasai Semenanjung Balkan sekitar 4 abad (1453-1918 M)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FAFCFF; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Niat yang tulus ketika melakukan
sesuatu karena Allah sangat dibutuhkan, ketika niat telah berubah menjadi orientasi
terhadap kekuasaan atau harta, maka dengan cepat kehancuran akan menimpa. Hal
tersebut telah banyak dibuktikan pada peristiwa-peristiwa runtuhnya daulah bani
Umayyah, bani Abbasyah, dan bani Umayyah II di Andalusia serta kerajaan
atau pemerintahan lain dimanapun berada<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penaklukan wilayah yang demikian
luas dilakukan oleh kaum muslim saat itu berdasarkan pada permintaan penduduk
suatu negara yang ditindas oleh pemimpin mereka sendiri. Hal tersebut
dikarenakan penduduknya berada dibawah pemerintahan yang zalim atau karena
kerajaan tersebut telah mengganggu wilayah-wilayah Islam. Oleh karena itu, kaum
muslim telah bertindak sebagai pembebas masyarakat suatu negara dari tindakan
pemerintah mereka yang sewenag-wenang dan bukan bertindak sebagai penjajah atas
suatu negara. Penduduk yang dibebaskan tetap diberikan keleluasan untuk
menjalankan agama atau kepercayaan mereka masing-masing meskipun upaya
penyebaran agama Islam senantiasa dilakukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Islam memiliki kontribusi yang
sangat besar dalam upaya menyebarkan ilmu pengetahuan dan tekhnologi. Eropa
memiliki kemajuan saat ini salah satunya disebabkan jasa sarjana-sarjana muslim
yang telah menjadi mata rantai perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan kepada masyarakat
Eropa saat itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.6<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penghayatan terhadap Sejarah
Kebudayaan Islam pada Abad Pertengahan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada banyak perilaku yang pat diterapkan sebagai cerminan
penghayatan terhadap sejarah perkembangan Islam di abad pertengahan yakni
antara lain sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejarah merupakan pelajaran bagi
manusia agar di kemudian hari perilaku atau perbuatan kaum muslim yang membuat
kaum muslim dan umat manusia lainnya menderita tidqak terulang lagi. Lemahnya
persatuan umat Islam dapat dijadikan celah pihak lain untuk memundurkan peran
kaum muslim, baik dari kancah perekonomian maupun politik. Oleh karena itu,
umat Islam hendaknya mampu mengubah tata kehidupannya yang seimbang antara
kepentingan duniawi dan ukhrawinya serta senantiasa meningkatkan wawasan
keislamannya melalui rujukan Al Qur’an dan Hadis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Umat Islam harus mengambil pelajaran
dari negara barat. Mereka semula jauh tertinggal dibandingkan dengan kemajuan
peradaban dan ilmu pengetahuan umat Islam, tetapi kemudian mereka dapat
mengejar kemajuan peradaban dan ilmu pengetahuan umat Islam. Invasi Islam
terhadap Eropa seperti andalusia dan Semenanjung Balkan selama berabad-abad
telah memotifasi barat untuk mempelajari ilmu pengetahuan, tekhnologi dan
kebudayaannya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keberadaan cendekiawan pada masa
perkembangan Islam abad pertengahan seperti Ibnu Sina, Al Farabi, dan Ibnu
Rusyd haurs menjadi inspirasi dan inovasi bagi uamt Islam untuk terus
mempelajari berbagai disiplin ilmu demi melanjutkan cita-cita perjuangan
tokoh-tokoh muslim pada abad pertengahan tersebut sehingga Islam mampu membawa
rahmat bagi seluruh dunia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">BAB III</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">3.1 Kesimpulan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Perkembangan
islam pada abad pertengahan ditandai dengan hilangnya bani Umayyah. Pertistiwa
pembantaian dinasti Umayyah ini terjadi pada tahun 132 H atau pada 750 M. sejak
saat itulah dinasti Bani Umayyah sudah tidak lagi memiliki kekuasaan di tanah
arab.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Meski
demikian, tidak seluruh keturunan bani Umayyah berhasil dibunuh dan dibinasakan.
Sebab, ada salah satu anggota bani Umayyah yang berhasil lolos dari upaya pembantaian
dan melarikan diri menuju Andalusa. Dikawasan tersebut, Abdurrahman mendirikan
dinasti Umayyah II yang berada di kawasan Andalusia yang termasuk ke dalam
wilayah Eropa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Dari
sinilah perkembangan islam pada abad pertengahan dimulai. Abdurrahman melalui
dinasti Bani Umayyah II yang didirikannya mulai memperkenalkan nafas islam ke
wawasan Eropa yang masih didominasi oleh kaum Kristen.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">3.2 Saran</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">Dengan adanya pembelajaran ini,jadi kita dapat mengetahui
bahwa islam itu pernah sukses di berbagai bidang contohnya
ekonomi,politik,kebudayaan,dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Unicode MS";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://hbis.wordpress.com/2007/11/23/perkembangan-islam-pada-abad-petengahan/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://hbis.wordpress.com/2007/11/23/perkembangan-islam-pada-abad-petengahan/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.anneahira.com/perkembangan-islam-pada-abad-pertengahan.htm"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.anneahira.com/perkembangan-islam-pada-abad-pertengahan.htm</span></a></div>
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<a href="http://tonyoke.wordpress.com/2009/06/16/islam-pelopor-revolusi-hijau-abad-pertengahan/"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://tonyoke.wordpress.com/2009/06/16/islam-pelopor-revolusi-hijau-abad-pertengahan/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=perkembangan%20islam%20pada%20zaman%20abad%20pertengahan&source=web&cd=4&ved=0CFMQFjAD&url=http%3A%2F%2Ftkjloro.files.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F11%2Fe-3-perk-islam-abad-pertengahan.doc&ei=1a-5T4XdC8nJrAeQ04nXBw&usg=AFQjCNGBOISe8TEKUZwDC5NOOUYjamCuFg"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=perkembangan%20islam%20pada%20zaman%20abad%20pertengahan&source=web&cd=4&ved=0CFMQFjAD&url=http%3A%2F%2Ftkjloro.files.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F11%2Fe-3-perk-islam-abad-pertengahan.doc&ei=1a-5T4XdC8nJrAeQ04nXBw&usg=AFQjCNGBOISe8TEKUZwDC5NOOUYjamCuFg</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>yuminhaehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13370935524192687960noreply@blogger.com2